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Objective@#To analyze the current situation of school bullying and related factors in junior high school students in China 2016.@*Methods@#Junior high school students were selected from the 2016 China Education Panel Survey. A total of 6 750 students with completed records of suffering from school bulling, individual characteristics, family environment, and school conditions were selected. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the related factors of being bullied.@*Results@#A total of 57.29% (3 867/6 750) of students in the past year had suffered from at least one type of school bullying. The proportions of students who suffered from verbal bullying, social bullying, physical bullying and cyber bullying were 49.12% (3 298/6 714), 37.87% (2551/6736), 18.18% (1226/6743), and 13.51% (910/6 735), respectively. According to the logistic regression model, students who were boys, came from ethnic minorities, lived with their mothers only, had frequent quarreling parents, boarded and had experience of school transfer in primary education were more vulnerable to school bullying compared with those who were girls, came from Han nationality, lived with parents, had parents who seldom quarrel, commute to school daily and had no school transfer experience in primary education. The corresponding OR (95%CI) values were 1.86 (1.66-2.08), 1.27 (1.02-1.57), 1.35 (1.13-1.61), 1.49 (1.23-1.81), 1.65 (1.33-2.04), and 1.21 (1.08-1.36), respectively. Students who were the only child, had relatively good health, had mothers with middle school, high school or secondary specialized school education level, had medium or good family economic conditions, had good academic performance, served as class cadres and had good relations with head teachers were less vulnerable to school bullying compared with those who were not the only child, had relatively bad health, had mothers with primary school or below education level, had poor family economic conditions, had poor academic performance, had never been class cadres and had bad relations with head teachers. The corresponding OR (95%CI) values were 0.80 (0.72-0.90), 0.60 (0.48-0.75), 0.74 (0.64-0.85), 0.75 (0.61-0.91), 0.70 (0.69-0.82), 0.64 (0.52-0.79), 0.85 (0.74-0.99), 0.88 (0.79-0.99), and 0.62 (0.55-0.69), respectively.@*Conclusion@#The situation of suffering from school bullying among junior high school students in China is not optimistic. Individual characteristics, family environment and school conditions were all related to school bullying.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The transplantation of microencapsulated cell is becoming a hotspot modality in the therapy of Parkinson disease (PD). The application of Alginate-polysysine-alginate (APA) is currently limited due to fragility and pericystic fibrosis although it has been used in clinic. In this study, the native Alginate-chitosan-alginate(ACA)microencapsulated pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) are transplanted into the region of corpus striatum in the injured side of the brain of the PD rat model, the functional recovery of rotational behavior and pathological changes are also observed in the control, sham and treated groups.OBJECTIVE: To observe whether the transplantation of ACA microencapsulated PC12 cells into the brain can improve the rotational behavior in the rat model of PD.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Dalian Research Institute of Physiochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.MATERIALS: Totally 40 adult male Wistar rats with body mass of(220±10) g, ACA microcapsule and PC12 cells were used in this study.METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the animal experimental laboratory of Second Hospital, Jilin University and Dalian Research Institute of Physicochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences between May and December 2002. Native ACA were used to microencapsulate the PC12cells. These rats were randomly divided into the following three groups,treated group (10 rats received microencapsulated PC12 cell transplantation), control group (7 rats received unencapsulated PC12 cell transplantation) and sham group (6 rats received empty microencapsule transplantation). The transplantation site was the region of corpus striatum in the injured side of brain. The difference of rotational behavior included by apomorphine was compared before and after the transplantation in these rats,the morphological changes of the transplanted microcapsules and activity of the microencapsulated cells were also detected.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Rotational behavior of the rats before and after transplantation. ②Pathological change in the regions of substantia nigra and corpus striatum. ③ The integrality of retrieved microencapsule and the bioactivity of retrieved PC12 cells.RESULTS: ① At the 4th week of transplantation, rotational behavior was significantly decreased in the encapsulated PC12 cells treated group compared with that of the groups received empty microencapsules transplantation [(6.9±2.8),(10.5±1.6) r/min, P ＜ 0.05].Tbis behavioral improvement could last at least three months. Although the unencapsulated PC12 cells also can improve the rotational behavior compared with before transplantation[(5.6±l.1 ), (9.5±1.5) r/min, P ＜ 0.05], which only lasted two months and fetal tumor formed in the skull of some rats. There was no significant difference in rotational behavior of the rats before and after transplantation in the empty microencapsule transplantation group. PC12 cells of retrieved microencapsulate grew well after re-culture, and have bioactivity.CONCLUSION: Transplantation of ACA microencapsulated PC12 cells into the brain can improve can improve the rotational behavior of rat PD model induced by apomorphine. ACA microcapsule can both isolate the host's immune system effectively and prevent the formation of tumor, and have a promising application in clinic.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Parkinson disease(PD) is a series of clinical symptom induced by decreased dopamine (DA) in the striatum due to nigral dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. The intracerebral transplantation of secretory DA can reverse or improve the symptoms to a certain extent, but immunologic rejection is still existed.OBJECTIVE: To probe into cell transplantation with immunoisolation in treatment of in rats without application of immunosuppress and observe its mechanical intensity and the biocompatibility of microcapsule .DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment was designed.SETTING: Biomedical Material Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of ChemicalPhysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Jilin University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Animal Experimental Center of Second Hospital of Jilin University from August 2003 to February 2004, in which, 40 male Wistar rats were employed. PC12 cell was provided from Shanghai Institute of Cellular Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences.METHODS: 6-hydroxydopamine solution was infused in the striatum to prepare animal model of Parkinson disease. Twenty-five rats of those had been prepared successfully and were randomized into microencapsulated cell transplantation group (12 rats), in which, 25 μL cell-loading sodium alginate-chitosan-solium alginate(ACA)microencapsul suspension (equal to 2.5×104 cells) was injected stereotaxically on two points of the right (affected side) striatum of animal model; non-microencapsulated cell transplantation group (7 rats), in which, 25 μL PC12 cell suspension (equal to 5×104cells) was injected; and empty microcapsul transplantation group (6 rats),in which, 25 μL empty microcapsules suspension was injected . On the 7th day after transplantation, in every group, apomorphine (APO) prepared with saline solution was injected (0.05 mg/kg) subcutaneously in the neck; afterwards, the revolving behavior was recorded for each rat, once per week,totally for 12 weeks. In the 12th week after operation, the rats were sacrificed with anesthesia. The brain tissue was collected for pathological observation and microcapsule were retrieved to evaluation of biocompatibility and immunoisolation.numbers before and after transplantation of each group.RESULTS:Twenty-five rats entered result analysis and the rest was sule: the retrieved ACA microcapsule was integrative in morphology,munoisolation of microcapsule: microencapsuled PC12 cells were prolifercycles before and after transplantation of each group: the records of lateral revolving of rats in every group before transplantation were not significantly different (P ＞ 0.05). In microencapsuled cell transplantation group, 2weeks later, the average number of revolving was significantly lower than that before the transplantation, or even the revolving stopped; the improved symptoms were maintained till the 12th week after transplantation. In nonmicroencapsulated cell transplantation group, the average revolving number was also significantly lower than that before the transplantation, but that on the 8th and 12th weeks was in tendency of increase, without obvious change compared with that before the transplantation (P ＞ 0.05). The revolving number before and after transplantation in non-microencapsulated transplantation group was similar[(10.5±1.4), (10.5±1.3) cyclos/min, P ＞ 0.05].microcapsule provides immune protection. The grafted encapsulated PC12cells survive for along term in the brain of rats with PD, maintain continuously the normal physiological function and improve the symptoms of PD by synthesizing and releasing DA.